Considering methods and technologies that could be advanced to improve non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in pandemic responses, this project will investigate ways to measure/optimise end-user acceptability, desirability, usability and equity. Key learning from the COVID-19 app will be used, including privacy protection features and user perceptions, alongside careful consideration of the equity of NPI impacts (in terms of health outcomes and socio-economic costs). Co-development between scientists/engineers and public health agency staff will also be explored. Taking a broad perspective, social, ethical, and political implications for conducting trials of NPIs (including individually and cluster randomised trials) will be considered in terms of potential timeliness of policy-relevant results, so that they can be better evaluated in future emerging infections. The supervisors are Professor Christl Donnelly (Department of Statistics, University of Oxford), Professor Christophe Fraser (Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford), Professor Roberto Vivancos (UK Health Security Agency) as well as Professor Iain Buchan (University of Liverpool) and Professor Tom Solomon (University of Liverpool).